\nGraphics (photographs, maps, pictures, slides) and text material related to the history of Arctic exploration by Russia, Former Soviet Union and Russian Federation were prepared by the Ecoshelf company, St. Petersburg, Russia. Text related to the North American and European exploration of the Arctic was written by Rick Krishfield. Images are credited according to their source.\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
![\"Actinometrical](\"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2020\/04\/sunshot_145313.jpg\" "\\"sunshot_145313\\"")
\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\tActinometrical observations on the ice. Image courtesy Ecoshelf and Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Russia.\n\t- \n
- 90 Years of Arctic Ocean Exploration at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution<\/a><\/li>\n
- Ancient Times (up to 15th century)<\/a><\/li>\n
- Age of Exploration (16th-17th centuries)<\/a><\/li>\n
- Russian Northern Expeditions (18th-19th centuries)<\/a><\/li>\n
- Quest for the Northwest Passage (19th century)<\/a><\/li>\n
- Northeast Passage<\/a><\/li>\n
- Jeannette and Greely<\/a><\/li>\n
- Nansen and the Drift of the Fram (1893-1896)<\/a><\/li>\n
- Andree’s Balloon<\/a><\/li>\n
- Peary Claims the North Pole (1898-1909)<\/a><\/li>\n
- Early Icebreakers (20th century)<\/a><\/li>\n
- Russian Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition (1910-1915)<\/a><\/li>\n
- The Canadian Arctic Expedition (1913-1918)<\/a><\/li>\n
- The Maud Expedition (1918-1925)<\/a><\/li>\n
- The Coming of Aviation (1920s)<\/a><\/li>\n
- Early Soviet Exploration (1920s-1930s)<\/a><\/li>\n
- North Pole Drifting Stations (1930s-1980s)<\/a><\/li>\n
- High Latitude Air Expeditions<\/a><\/li>\n
- US Military Buildup of Thule and DEW Line (1950s-1960s)<\/a><\/li>\n
- US Arctic Drifting Stations (1950s-1960s)<\/a><\/li>\n
- Submarines Under Ice (1950s-1960s)<\/a><\/li>\n
- Graf Zeppelin<\/a><\/li>\n
- Modern Scientific Expeditions (1970s-2000s)<\/a><\/li>\n
- Current Research Activities (21st century)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
History The following is a synopsis of the history of geographic and scientific exploration of the Arctic. Our goal is to provide a brief but entertaining account about how our present knowledge of the Arctic Ocean has been acquired throughout the ages. In the interests of brevity, we include most of the major oceanographic expeditions…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"tpl-sidebar.php","meta":{"advanced-sidebar-menu\/link-title":"","advanced-sidebar-menu\/exclude-page":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1248"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/83"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1248"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1248\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2936,"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1248\/revisions\/2936"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1248"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- Ancient Times (up to 15th century)<\/a><\/li>\n