Fifteen years after Wilkin’s expedition, in 1946, the Navy organized an expedition of the Kane Basin, codenamed Operation Nanook. A specially outfitted submarine, the\u00a0Atule<\/em>, was to carry out submarine operations under the ice in Baffin Bay and to the north. The next year, with better ice sounding technology, submarine operations were also conducted under the ice in Bering Strait. In 1952, the\u00a0Redfish<\/em>\u00a0joined the icebreaker\u00a0Burton Island<\/em>\u00a0and reached McClure Strait, and the following year, with the\u00a0Northwind<\/em>, retraced the route part of the way. Up to this point, the submarines operating in the Arctic were mostly traveling among the ice floes, rather than below the ice pack.<\/p>\n The world’s first nuclear submarine was also called the\u00a0Nautilus<\/em>, and was built in 1952. On its third try, it attained the North Pole (but did not surface) in summer 1958, while crossing the Arctic from the Bering to Fram Strait in 96 hours. The same year, the nuclear powered submarine\u00a0Skate<\/em>\u00a0visited drifting ice station Alpha, and six months later became the first vessel to surface at the Pole. The Soviets arrived in 1962 on the\u00a0Leninski Komsomolets<\/em>, and the British made the crossing on the\u00a0Dreadnought<\/em>\u00a0in 1971.<\/p>\n References:<\/strong><\/p>\n On the web:\u00a0Arctic Submarine Laboratory<\/a><\/p>\n Calvert, J.,\u00a0Surface at the Pole: The Extraordinary Voyages of the USS Skate<\/u>, Naval Institute Press, 220 pp., 1996.<\/p>\n Williams, M.D.,\u00a0Submarines Under Ice: The U.S. Navy’s Polar Operations<\/u>, Naval Institute Press, 223 pp., 1998.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t Submarines Under Ice (1950s-1960s) In 1930, Sir Hubert Wilkins acquired the submarine O-12 from the US Navy. He outfitted her and renamed her\u00a0Nautilus, and prepared an undersea expedition to the North Pole. The leader of the scientific staff was Harald U. Sverdrup, who was to make measurements from a specially rigged diving compartment. The submarine…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":0,"parent":1248,"menu_order":20,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"tpl-sidebar.php","meta":{"advanced-sidebar-menu\/link-title":"","advanced-sidebar-menu\/exclude-page":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1376"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/83"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1376"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1376\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1552,"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1376\/revisions\/1552"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1248"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1376"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"Sir](\"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2020\/04\/wilkins_en_155993.jpeg\" "\\"wilkins_en_155993\\"")
\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\tSir Hubert Wilkins (center) (1931).\n(Arctic Submarine Laboratory)\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t![\"USS](\"https:\/\/www2.whoi.edu\/site\/beaufortgyre\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/108\/2020\/04\/skate_en_156013.jpeg\" "\\"skate_en_156013\\"")
\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\tUSS SKATE (SSN 578), CDR James F. Calvert, first thru ice surfacing at the North Pole (Dr. W.K. Lyon and Richard Boyle).\n(Image courtesy US Navy Arctic Submarine Laboratory)\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"