Publications

Statistics: Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ORCID

Refereed

Cole, ST, and PA Roemer, 2024: The transition layer and remnant transition layer of the Western Arctic Ocean: Stratification, vertical diffusivity, and Pacific Summer Water heat fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 129, e2023JC020059.
Son EY, Y Kawaguchi, HK Ha, ST Cole, JM Toole, J-H Park, 2022: Assessment of turbulent mixing associated with eddy-wave coupling based on autonomous observations from the Arctic Canada Basin,
J. Geophys. Res., 127, e2022JC018489, doi: 10.1029/ e2022JC018489.
Steinberg JM, ST Cole, K Drushka, RP Abernathey, 2022: Seasonality of the mesoscale inverse cascade as inferred from global scale-dependent eddy energy observations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 1677-1691, doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-21-0269.1.
Fine EC, and ST Cole, 2022: Decadal observations of internal wave energy, shear, and mixing in the western Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 127, e2021JC018056, doi: e2021JC018056.
Rabe B, C Heuze, J Regnery and 83 co-authors including ST Cole, 2022: Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Physical Oceanography, Elementa Sci. Anthrop., 10(1), doi: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00062.
Zhong W, ST Cole, J Zhang, R Lei, M Steele, 2022: Increasing winter ocean-to-ice heat flux in Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL096216.
Fine EC, JA MacKinnon, MH Alford, JB Mickett, L Middleton, J Taylor, ST Cole, N Couto, T Peacock, A Le Boyer, 2021: Mixing, stirring, and heat impacts of a Pacific Summer Water intrusion in the Beaufort Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 189-203, doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-21-0074.1.
Brenner, S, L Rainville, J Thomson, ST Cole, C Lee, 2021: Comparing observations and parameterizations of ice-ocean drag through an annual cycle across the Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 126, e2020JC016977.
Heorton, HDBS, M Tsamados, ST Cole, AMG Ferreira, A Berbellini, M Fox, TWK Armitage, 2019: Retrieving sea ice drag coefficients and turning angles from in-situ and satellite observations using an inverse modeling framework, J. Geophys. Res., 124, doi: 10.1029/2018JC014881.
Cole, ST, and J Stadler, 2019: Deepening of the winter mixed layer in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean over 2006-2017, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 4618-4630, doi: 10.1029/2019JC014940.
Zhong, W, M Steele, and ST Cole, 2019: Circulation of Pacific Winter Water in the western Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 863-881, doi: 10.1029/2018JC014504.
Cole, ST, JM Toole, L Rainville, and CM Lee, 2018: Internal waves in the Arctic: influence of ice concentration, ice roughness, and surface layer stratification, J. Geophys. Res., 128, 5571-5586, doi: 10.1029/2018JC014096.
Meneghello, G, J Marshall, ST Cole, M-L Timmermans, 2017: Observational inferences of lateral eddy diffusivity in the halo cline of the Beaufort Gyre, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 12331-12338, doi: 10.1002/2017GL075126.
Lee, CM, J Thomson, and the Marginal Ice Zone and Arctic Sea State teams, 2017: An autonomous approach to observing the seasonal ice zone in the western Arctic, Oceanography, 30, 56-68, doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2017.222.
Cole, ST, JM Toole, R Lele, M-L Timmermans, SG Gallaher, TP Stanton, WJ Shaw, B Hwang, T Maksym, JP Wilkinson, M Ortiz, H Graber, L Rainville, AA Petty, SL Farrell, JA Richter-Menge, and C Haas, 2017: Ice and ocean velocity in the Arctic marginal ice zone: Ice roughness and momentum transfer, Elementa Sci. Anth. (special issue on marginal ice zone processes), 5, 55, doi: 10.1525/elementa.241.
Bigdeli, A, B Loose, AT Nguyen, and ST Cole, 2017: Numerical investigation of the Arctic ice-ocean boundary layer and implications for air-sea gas fluxes, Ocean Sci., 13, 61-75, doi: 10.5194/os-13-61-2017.
Zhang, J, M Steele, K Runciman, S Dewey, J Morison, C Lee, L Rainville, S Cole, R Krishfield, M-L Timmermans, and J Toole, 2016: The Beaufort Gyre intensification and stabilization: A model-observation synthesis, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 7933-7952.
Gallagher SG, TP Stanton, WJ Shaw, ST Cole, JM Toole, JP Wilkinson, T Maksym, and B Hwang, 2016: Evolution of a Canada Basin ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 6223-6250.
Zhao, M, M-L Timmermans, S Cole, R Krishfield, and J Toole, 2016: Evolution of the eddy field in the Arctic Ocean’s Canada Basin, 2005-2015, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 8106- 8114.
Cole, ST, C Wortham, E Kunze, and WB Owens, 2015: Eddy stirring and horizontal diffusivity from Argo float observations: Geographic and depth variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3989-3997.
Zhao, M, M-L Timmermans, S Cole, R Krishfield, A Proshutinsky, and J Toole, 2014: Characterizing the eddy field in the Arctic Ocean halocline, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 8800- 8817.
Cole, ST, M-L Timmermans, JM Toole, RA Krishfield, and FT Thwaites, 2014: Ekman veering, internal waves, and turbulence observed under Arctic sea ice, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 1306-1328.
Timmermans, M-L, ST Cole, and JM Toole, 2012: Horizontal density structure and restratification of the Arctic Ocean surface layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 659-668.
Cole, ST, and DL Rudnick, 2012: The spatial distribution and annual cycle of upper ocean thermohaline structure, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C02027.
Rudnick, DL, and ST Cole, 2011: On sampling the ocean using underwater gliders, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C08010.
Johnston, TMS, DL Rudnick, GS Carter, RE Todd, and ST Cole, 2011: Internal tidal beams and mixing near Monterey Bay, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C03017.
Cole, ST, DL Rudnick, and JA Colosi, 2010: Seasonal evolution of upper ocean horizontal structure and the remnant mixed layer, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C04012.
Cole, ST, DL Rudnick, BA Hodges, and JP Martin, 2009: Observations of tidal internal wave beams at Kauai Channel, Hawaii, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 421-436.

Additional publications and other products

Cole, ST, K Drushka, and R Abernathey, 2020: Towards an observational synthesis of eddy energy in the global ocean, CLIVAR variations / exchanges, 18, 37-41 doi: 10.5065/g8w0-fy32.
Cole, ST, 2017: Investigating small-scale processes from an abundance of autonomous observations, ALPS-II white paper and final report chapter, 3 pages.
Lee, CM and 22 co-authors including S Cole, 2016: Stratified Ocean Dynamics of the Arctic: Science and experiment plan, Technical Report APL-UW 1601, 43 pages.
Cole, ST, FT Thwaites, RA Krishfield, and JM Toole, 2015: Processing of velocity observations from Ice-Tethered Profilers, Proc. MTS/IEEE Oceans 2015 Conference, Washington DC, 1-10.
Lee, CM and 20 co-authors including S Cole, 2012: Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) Program: Science and experiment plan, Technical Report APL-UW 2101, 48 pages.
Cole, ST, 2010: Spatial distribution and temporal modulation of internal waves and thermohaline structure, PhD Thesis, University of California San Diego, 148 pages.

Published datasets

Toole, JM, RA Krishfield, JK O'Brien, A Houk, ST Cole, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ice-Tethered Profiler program, 2016: Ice-Tethered Profiler observations: Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, oxygen, and ocean velocity from an Ice-Tethered buoy system; NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, doi: 10.7289/v5mw2f7x. Dataset.
Bliss, A, JK Hutchings, and 67 co-authors including ST Cole, 2022: Sea ice drift tracks from the Distributed network of autonomous buoys deployed during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition 2019-2021, Arctic Data Center, dot: 10.18739/A21N7XP19.
Cole, ST, 2021: Beaufort Gyre wintertime mixed layer depth and mixed layer properties derived from Ice-Tethered Profiler observations in the Arctic Ocean over 2006-2017, doi: 10.18739/A2DR2P94G.
Cole, ST, 2021: Ocean eddy diffusivity estimate derived from Beaufort Gyre Observing System mooring observations over 2003-2018, Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean, doi: 10.18739/A2901ZH14.
Cole, ST, C Wortham, E Kunze, and WB Owens, 2018: Eddy diffusivity from Argo temperature and salinity profiles, doi: 10.1575/1912/10220.