Curriculum Vitae
CV Download: Cole2025_CV
Education
Ph.D. in Physical Oceanography, 2010
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego
B.S. in Physics, 2004
University of Maryland, College Park
Appointments
Associate Scientist with Tenure (2023-present); Associate Scientist (2019-2023); Assistant Scientist (2015-2019); Research Associate III (2014-2015); Postdoctoral Investigator (2012-2013); Postdoctoral Scholar (2010-2012)
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
Graduate Research Assistant (2004-2010)
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA
Publications
Refereed
- Steinberg, JA, E Yankovsky, ST Cole, and L Zanna, 2025. A landscape of mesoscale eddy vertical structure: The influence of bathymetric slope and roughness on kinetic energy, J. Phys. Oceanogr., in press, doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-25-0044.1.
- Cole, ST, and PA Roemer, 2024: The transition layer and remnant transition layer of the Western Arctic Ocean: Stratification, vertical diffusivity, and Pacific Summer Water heat fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 129, e2023JC020059.
- Rabe B, and 49 co-authors including ST Cole, 2024: The MOSAiC Distributed Network: Observing the coupled Arctic system with multidisciplinary, coordinated platforms, Elementa Sci. Anthrop., 12(1), doing: 10.1525/elementa.2023.00103.
- Son EY, Y Kawaguchi, HK Ha, ST Cole, JM Toole, J-H Park, 2022: Assessment of turbulent mixing associated with eddy-wave coupling based on autonomous observations from the Arctic Canada Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 127, e2022JC018489, doi: 10.1029/ e2022JC018489.
- Steinberg JM, ST Cole, K Drushka, RP Abernathey, 2022: Seasonality of the mesoscale inverse cascade as inferred from global scale-dependent eddy energy observations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 1677-1691, doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-21-0269.1.
- Fine E, and ST Cole, 2022: Decadal observations of internal wave energy, shear, and mixing in the western Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 127, e2021JC018056, doi: e2021JC018056.
- Rabe B, C Heuze, J Regnery and 83 co-authors including ST Cole, 2022: Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Physical Oceanography, Elementa Sci. Anthrop., 10(1), doi: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00062.
- Zhong W, ST Cole, J Zhang, R Lei, M Steele, 2022: Increasing winter ocean-to-ice heat flux in Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL096216.
- Fine EC, JA MacKinnon, MH Alford, JB Mickett, L Middleton, J Taylor, ST Cole, N Couto, T Peacock, A Le Boyer, 2021: Mixing, stirring, and heat impacts of a Pacific Summer Water intrusion in the Beaufort Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 189-203, doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-21-0074.1.
- Brenner, S, L Rainville, J Thomson, ST Cole, C Lee, 2021: Comparing observations an parameterizations of ice-ocean drag through an annual cycle across the Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 126, e2020JC015977.
- Heorton, HDBS, M Tsamados, ST Cole, AMG Ferreira, A Berbellini, M Fox, and TWK Armitage, 2019: Retrieving sea ice drag coefficients and turning angles from in-situ and satellite observations using an inverse modeling framework, J. Geophys. Res., 124, doi: 10.1029/2018JC014881.
- Cole, ST, and J. Stadler, 2019: Deepening of the winter mixed layer in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean over 2006-2017, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 4618-4630, doi: 10.1029/2019JC014940.
- Zhong, W, M Steele, and ST Cole, 2019: Circulation of Pacific Winter Water in the western Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 863-881, doi: 10.1029/2018JC014504.
- Cole, ST, JM Toole, L Rainville, and CM Lee, 2018: Internal waves in the Arctic: influence of ice concentration, ice roughness, and surface layer stratification, J. Geophys. Res.,128, 5571-5586, doi: 10.1029/2018JC014096.
- Meneghello, G, J Marshall, ST Cole, and M-L Timmermans, 2017: Observational inferences of lateral eddy diffusivity in the halo cline of the Beaufort Gyre, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 12331-12338, doi: 10.1002/2017GL075126.
- Lee, CM, J Thomson, and the Marginal Ice Zone and Arctic Sea State teams, 2017: An autonomous approach to observing the seasonal ice zone in the western Arctic, Oceanography, 30, 56-68.
- Cole, ST, JM Toole, R Lele, M-L Timmermans, SG Gallaher, TP Stanton, WJ Shaw, B Hwang, T Maksym, JP Wilkinson, M Ortiz, H Graber, L Rainville, AA Petty, SL Farrell, JA Richter-Menge, and C Haas, 2017: Ice and ocean velocity in the Arctic marginal ice zone: Ice roughness and momentum transfer, Elementa Sci. Anth. (special issue on marginal ice zone processes), 5, 55.
- Bigdeli, A, B Loose, AT Nguyen, and ST Cole, 2017: Numerical investigation of the Arctic ice-ocean boundary layer and implications for air-sea gas fluxes, Ocean Sci., 13, 61-75.
- Zhang, J, M Steele, K Runciman, S Dewey, J Morison, C Lee, L Rainville, S Cole, R Krishfield, M-L Timmermans, and J Toole, 2016: The Beaufort Gyre intensification and stabilization: A model-observation synthesis, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 7933-7952.
- Gallagher, SG, TP Stanton, WJ Shaw, ST Cole, JM Toole, JP Wilkinson, T Maksym and B Hwang, 2016: Evolution of a Canada Basin ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 6223-6250.
- Zhao, M, M-L Timmermans, S Cole, R Krishfield, and J Toole, 2016: Evolution of the eddy field in the Arctic Ocean’s Canada Basin, 2005-2015, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 8106- 8114.
- Cole, ST, C Wortham, E Kunze, and WB Owens, 2015: Eddy stirring and horizontal diffusivity from Argo float observations: Geographic and depth variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3989-3997.
- Zhao, M, M-L Timmermans, S Cole, R Krishfield, A Proshutinsky, and J Toole, 2014: Characterizing the eddy field in the Arctic Ocean halocline, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 8800- 8817.
- Cole, ST, M-L Timmermans, JM Toole, RA Krishfield, and FT Thwaites, 2014: Ekman veering, internal waves, and turbulence observed under Arctic sea ice. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 1306-1328.
- Timmermans, M-L, ST Cole, and JM Toole, 2012: Horizontal density structure and restratification of the Arctic Ocean surface layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 659-668.
- Cole, ST, and DL Rudnick, 2012: The spatial distribution and annual cycle of upper ocean thermohaline structure. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C02027.
- Rudnick, DL, and ST Cole, 2011: On sampling the ocean using underwater gliders. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C08010.
- Johnston, TMS, DL Rudnick. GS Carter, RE Todd and ST Cole, 2011: Internal tidal beams and mixing near Monterey Bay. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C03017.
- Cole, ST, DL Rudnick, and JA Colosi, 2010: Seasonal evolution of upper ocean horizontal structure and the remnant mixed layer. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C04012.
- Cole, ST, DL Rudnick, BA Hodges, and JP Martin, 2009: Observations of tidal internal wave beams at Kauai Channel, Hawaii. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 39, 421-436.
Additional publications and other products
- Cole, ST, K Drushka, and R Abernathey, 2020: Towards an observational synthesis of eddy energy in the global ocean, CLIVAR variations / exchanges, 18, 37-41, doi: 10.5065/g8w0-fy32.
- Cole, ST, 2017: Investigating small-scale processes from an abundance of autonomous observations, ALPS-II white paper and final report chapter, 3 pages.
- Lee, CM and 22 co-authors including S Cole, 2016: Stratified Ocean Dynamics of the Arctic: Science and experiment plan, Technical Report APL-UW 1601, 43 pages.
- Cole, ST, FT Thwaites, RA Krishfield, and JM Toole, 2015: Processing of velocity observations from Ice-Tethered Profilers, Proc. MTS/IEEE Oceans 2015 Conference, Washington DC, 1-10.
- Lee, CM and 20 co-authors including S Cole, 2012: Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) Program: Science and experiment plan, Technical Report APL-UW 2101, 48 pages.
- Cole, ST, 2010: Spatial distribution and temporal modulation of internal waves and thermohaline structure, PhD Thesis, University of California San Diego, 148 pages.
Published datasets
- Toole, JM, RA Krishfield, JK O'Brien, A Houk, ST Cole, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ice-Tethered Profiler program, 2016: Ice-Tethered Profiler observations: Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, oxygen, and ocean velocity from an Ice-Tethered buoy system. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, doi: 10.7289/v5mw2f7x. Dataset.
- Bliss A, JK Hutchings, and 67 co-authors including ST Cole, 2022: Sea ice drift tracks from the Distributed Network of autonomous buoys deployed during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition 2019-2021, Arctic Data Center, dot: 10.18739/A21N7XP19.
- Cole, ST, 2021: Beaufort Gyre wintertime mixed layer depth and mixed layer properties derived from Ice-Tethered Profiler observations in the Arctic Ocean over 2006-2017, doi: 10.18739/A2DR2P94G.
- Cole, ST, 2021: Ocean eddy diffusivity estimate derived from Beaufort Gyre Observing System mooring observations over 2003-2018, Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean, doi: 10.18739/A2901ZH14.
- Cole, ST, C Wortham, E Kunze, and WB Owens, 2018: Eddy diffusivity from Argo temperature and salinity profiles, doi: 10.1575/1912/10220.
Awards
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Early Career Scientist Award, 2021
American Meteorological Society Editor's award for excellence in reviewing, Jan. 2019
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Postdoctoral Scholarship, Nov. 2010 – May 2012
NSF / Scripps Institution of Oceanography G-K12 fellowship, June 2009 – May 2010
Educational Activities
Advising:
Lt. JG Lilli Hirth, US Navy Master's student, 2023-present
Jake Steinberg, Postdoctoral Investigator, 2020-2023
Elizabeth Fine, Postdoctoral Scholar, 2019-2021
Lt. Peter Roemer, US Navy Master's student, 2019-2021
James Stadler, Summer Student Fellow, 2017
Committee Member, Deshuai Wang, U. Mass. Dartmouth, 2017-2021
Lectures and teaching:
Co-instructor, MIT-WHOI Polar Physical Oceanography Seminar, Fall 2024
Guest Lecture, US Coast Guard Academy, Polar Oceanography, October 2020, Feb 2019
Guest Lecture, WHOI/MIT Data Analysis in Physical Oceanography, May 2017
Co-instructor, Partnership Education Program, Woods Hole, MA 2012 and 2013
NSF / Scripps Institution of Oceanography G-K12 fellowship, San Diego, CA 2009; developed lessons for and instructed two 9th grade earth science classes once per week
Field Experience
2023-present: PI of the Ice-Tethered Profiler program that deploys 6-12 systems per year primarily in the Arctic Ocean.
2013-present: PI or co-PI on projects that have deployed 14 Ice-Tethered Profilers with Velocity primarily in the Arctic Ocean. Over 20,000 temperature, salinity, and velocity profiles have been collected, along with over 10,000 records of turbulent heat, salt, and momentum fluxes just beneath the ice-ocean interface.
Dec. 2008 and Apr. 2009: Underwater glider recovery and deployment off of Hawaii
Dec 2007: R/V Kilo Moana, SeaSoar operations off of Hawaii
July and Oct. 2007: R/V Melville, Underwater glider, underway CTD, and CTD rosette operations off of Taiwan
Aug. 2006: R/V Wecoma, SeaSoar and microstructure operations off of Monterey Bay, California
Aug. 2004: R/V Melville, CTD rosette operations in the North Pacific
Professional Activities
External:
Editor, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2021-2025
Associate Editor, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2020
Reviewer: National Science Foundation, German Research Foundation, Natural Environment Research Council, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Reviewer: Annals of Glaciology, Elementa Science of the Anthropocene, Geophysical Research Letters, Geoscientific Model Development, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Journal of Geophysical Research, Journal of Marine Research, Journal of Physical Oceanography, Nature Communications, Ocean Modeling, Ocean Science, Oceanography, Progress in Oceanography, Tellus A
Steering committee member, Ocean transport and eddy energy CPT, 2019-2025.
Organizer / local host, Ocean Transport and Eddy Energy Annual Meeting, Woods Hole MA and online, May 2023
Steering committee member, Stratified Ocean Dynamics of the Arctic (SODA) DRI, 2017- 2022.
Co-convener, Air-ice-ocean interactions in a changing Arctic, Ocean Sciences Meeting, virtual, Feb. 2022.
Co-convener, Ocean transport and eddy energy session, Ocean Sciences Meeting, San Diego CA, Feb. 2020.
Mentor / Senior participant, Pattullo Conference, Warrenton Virginia, Sept. 2019.
Organizer / local host, Stratified Ocean Dynamics of the Arctic DRI PI meeting, Woods Hole MA, March 2018
Organizer, International Meeting of Students in Physical Oceanography, 2008.
WHOI:
Supervisor, Adam Houk, Research Associate III, 2021-present
Member, PO Department Recruitment Committee, 2023-2025
Coordinator, Physical Oceanography Department Summer Student Fellow program, 2020-2022
Member, Scientific Staff Executive Committee (SciSEC), 2018-2020
Member, Physical Oceanography Department chair search committee, 2018, 2022
Coordinator, Physical Oceanography seminar, 2015- 2016
Member, Postdoctoral association, 2012
Member, Women’s committee, 2012
Professional Affiliations:
Member, American Geophysical Union
Member, The Oceanography Society
Recent Presentations
ST Cole, Kinetic energy in the Beaufort Gyre: Partitioning by horizontal scale, Poster presentation, Consortium for the Advancement of Marine Arctic Science (CAMAS) Workshop, Seattle WA, April 2025.
ST Cole, Scale-aware eddy kinetic energy at depth: An observational challenge, Eddy Energy CPT annual meeting, Providence RI, August 2024.
ST Cole, Vertical diffusivity and heat fluxes through the Beaufort Gyre's thin and variable stratification. Oral presentation, Ocean Sciences Meeting, New Orleans LA, Feb. 2024.
ST Cole (invited), Dynamics of the Arctic Ocean: Observations across scales and seasons. Arctic Ocean Dynamics Workshop, Oslo Norway, November 2023.
ST Cole, Stratification, heat, and mixing through the Arctic Ocean's transition layer and remnant transition layer. AWI seminar, Bremerhaven Germany, November 2023.
ST Cole and PA Roemer, Heat, stratification, and the transition layer of the Beaufort Gyre. The changing Beaufort Gyre workshop, Woods Hole MA, March 2023.
ST Cole (invited), Stratification, heat, and diffusivity of the Western Arctic Ocean’s transition layer. URI PO seminar, Kingston RI, October 2022.
ST Cole, Stratification of the Western Arctic Ocean’s transition layer and remnant transition layer. WHOI PO seminar, Woods Hole MA, September 2022.
ST Cole, Kinetic energy in the Western Arctic Ocean. Oral presentation, Arctic Ocean Circulation workshop, virtual, June 2022.
ST Cole (invited), The Arctic sea ice-cover and ocean mixing on daily to decadal timescales, Gordon Conference on Ocean Mixing, Holyoke MA, June 2022
ST Cole, M Doble, J Hargrove, L Rainville, W Shaw, T Stanton, J Toole, J Wilkinson, Ice-ocean interactions observed during fall and winter storms in the Western Arctic. Oral presentation, Ocean Sciences Meeting, virtual, Feb. 2022.
ST Cole (invited), The Arctic Ocean mixed layer in winter, URI physical oceanography seminar, virtual, April 2021.
ST Cole, JM Toole, and RA Krishfield, Observations from the edge of the Beaufort Gyre: Ice-Tethered Profilers in 2018-2019. Poster presentation, Ocean Sciences Meeting, San Diego CA, Feb. 2020.
ST Cole (invited), The changing Arctic Ocean mixed layer from basin scales to submesoscales, Brown University DEEPS seminar, Providence RI, Feb. 2020.