12.701: Classic Papers in Physical Oceanography
Topics for Spring 2025: Topographic effects; Southern Ocean; Meridional Overturning Circulation; topographic effects; mesoscale eddies
Instructor: Michael Spall
Overview
The objective of this course is to create a forum for the reading, discussion, and understanding of some of the fundamental papers in physical oceanography. The course will cover 3-4 main themes with four weeks spent on each area. Primary topics for this semester are: the Southern Ocean, the meridional overturning circulation, topographic effects, and mesoscale eddies. Within each topic, the selection of papers will highlight key advances or new ideas with both theoretical and observational papers.
Structure
The class will meet once a week, for one and a half hours, to discuss the selected paper (papers if appropriate). The paper's content will be presented to the class by one pre-assigned student (on a rotational basis). The setting is very informal and group discussion is expected throughout. The presentation should address the technical aspects of the paper (what, why, how it was done) as well as the implications of the results and the structure and clarity of the paper. All students are expected to read the paper(s) prior to class and come with questions. The presenting student is expected to read one or more related papers. They are also welcome/encouraged to seek the help of the instructor, other faculty members, or the authors of the paper for clarification. The discussion should end by addressing how this paper has influenced the field since its publication, maybe by way of subsequent papers addressing the same subject, or through the introduction of a new idea or technique that has had broader influence.
The course is graded as Pass/Fail based on class preparation and participation.
Goals
The primary goal of this course is to provide a complementary perspective on some of the fundamental problems in our field by considering some of the individual works which, when pieced together, contribute to the more cohesive description of how the ocean works. The `discussion format' of the class is meant to encourage students to consider the many different aspects of the work in question including motivation, approach utilized, and implications for the broader context. The course is also intended to help students develop basic analytical and critical skills in paper reading and, therefore, writing. Finally, students will benefit from the practice in synthesizing information and making oral presentations.
Discussion Topics
Southern Ocean
Lecture 1: 2/6/25 Brief Course Introduction |
Course expectations, introductions, research interests, initial paper assignments |
Lecture 2: 2/13/25 Antarctic Circumpolar Current |
Rintoul, S., C. Hughes, D. Olbers, 2001: The Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Ocean Circulation and Climate, pp 271-302. |
Lecture 3: 2/20/25 Antarctic Circumpolar Current (cont.) |
Rintoul, S., C. Hughes, D. Olbers, 2001: The Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Ocean Circulation and Climate, pp 271-302. |
Lecture 4: 2/27/25 Southern Ocean and the MOC |
Toggweiler, J. R. and B. Samuels, 1998: On the Ocean's Large-Scale Circulation near the limit of no vertical mixing . J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1832-1852. |
Meridional Overturning Circulation
Lecture 5: 3/6/25 Lagrangian View |
Bower, A. et al., 2019: Lagrangian Views of the Pathways of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 124, 5313-5335. |
Lecture 6: 3/13/25 MOC overview |
Buckley, M. W. and J. Marshall, 2015: Observations, inferences, and mechanisms of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: A review. Reviews of Geophysics, 54, 5-63. doi:10.1002/2015RG000493 |
Lecture 7: 3/20/25 MOC overview (cont.) |
Buckley, M. W. and J. Marshall, 2015: Observations, inferences, and mechanisms of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: A review.. Reviews of Geophysics, 54, 5-63. doi:10.1002/2015RG000493. |
Topographic Effects
Lecture 8: 4/3/25 Hydraulic controls |
Pratt, L. J. and P. A. Lundberg, 1991: Hydraulics of rotating strait and sill flow. Ann Rev. Fluid. Mech., 23, 81-106. |
Lecture 9: 4/10/25 Overflows |
Price, J. F., and M. O'Neil Barringer, 1994: Outflows and deep water production in marginal seas. Prog. Oceanogr., 33, 161-200. |
Lecture 10: 4/17/25 Abyssal mixing |
Ferrari, R., A. Mashayek, T. J. McDougall, M. Nikurashin, J.-M. Campin, 2016: Turning ocean mixing upside down. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 2239-2261.
Polzin,K. L., J. M. Toole, J. R. Ledwell, R. W. Schmitt, 1997: Spatial Variability of Turbulent Mixing in the Abyssal Ocean. Science, 276, 93-96. |
Lecture 11: 4/24/25 Bottom pressure torque |
Jackson, L., C. W. Hughes, R. G. Williams, 2006: Topographic control of basin and channel flows: The role of bottom pressure torque and friction. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1786-1805.
Hughes, C. W., and B. A. de Cuevas, 2001: Why western boundary currents in realistic oceans are inviscid: A link between form stress and bottom pressure torques. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 2871-2885. |
Mesoscale Eddies
Lecture 12: 5/1/25 sources |
Gill, A. E., J. S. A. Green, and A. J. Simmons, 1974: Energy partition in the large-scale ocean circulation and the production of mid-ocean eddies. Deep-Sea Res., 21, 499-528.
Spall, M. A., 2000: Generation of strong mesoscale eddies from weak ocean gyres. Journal of Marine Research, 58, 97-116. |
Lecture 13: 5/8/25 Satellite observations |
Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, R. M. Samelson, 2011: Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies. Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 167-216. |