Publications
2024
Spall, M. A., S. Semper, K. Vage, 2024: Mechanisms of solid and liquid freshwater flux from the East Greenland Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 54, 379-397, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-23-0120.1
Spall. M. A., 2024: An overlooked component of the meridional overturning circulation. J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 54, 1921-1932, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-24-0019.1.
Spall, M. A., 2024: A simple model for multiple equilibria in ice-covered oceans. J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 54, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-24-0022.1
Shan*, X., S. Sun, L. Wu, M. A. Spall, 2024: Roles of the Labrador Current in the Atlantic
Meridional Overturning Circulation responses to greenhouse warming. Nat. Commun., 15, 7361. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51449-9
Shan*, X., M. A. Spall, C. Pennelly, P. G. Meyers. Seasonal variability in Baffin Bay.
Submitted to: J. Geophys. Res
Pickart, R. S., M. A. Spall, F. Bahr, L. Lago, P. Lin, A. Pacini, J. Huang, K. R. Arrigo, M. Mills,
G. van Dijken, L. T. McRaven, S. Roberts. Vertical carbon export during a phytoplankton bloom
in the Chukchi Sea. Part 1: Physical setting and frontal subduction. Submitted to: J. Geophys.
Res.
2023
Huang, J., R. S. Pickart, N. Foukal, M. A. Spall, P. Lin, 2023: Structure and variability of the Barrow Canyon outflow from two high resolution shipboard surveys in 2018. J. Geophys. Res., 128, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC019640
Spall, M. A., 2023: Wind-forced seasonal exchange between marginal seas and the open ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 53, 763-777. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-22-0151.1
Leng*, H., H. He, M. A. Spall, 2023: A numerical investigation on the energetics of a current along and ice-covered continental slope. Ocean Science, 19, 289-304. 10.5194/os-19-289-2023
2022
Spall, M. A., 2022: Wind-forced variability of the zonal overturning circulation.: J. Phys. Oceanogr. 52, 965-979, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0174.1
Liao, F., X. Liang, Y. Li,, and M. A. Spall, 2022: Hidden upwelling systems associated with major western boundary currents. J. Geophys Res., 127. DOI: 10.1029/2021JC017649
Leng*, H, M. A. Spall, X. Bai, 2022: Temporal Evolution of a Geostrophic Current under Sea Ice:
Analytical and Numerical Solutions. in press: J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 1191-1204, DOI:10.1175/jpo-d-21-0242.1
Liu, Y., D. G. Desbruyeres, H. Mercier, M. A. Spall, 2022: Observation-Based Estimates of Eulerian-Mean Boundary Downwelling in the Western Subpolar North Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, DOI:e2021GL097243.
Guo*, H., M. A. Spall, J. Pedlosky, Z. Chen, 2022: A three-dimensional inertial moel for coastal upwelling along western boundaries. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 52, 2431-2444, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-22-0024.1
2021
Guo*, H, and M. A. Spall, 2021: Topographic influences on wind-driven exchange between marginal seas and the open ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51,3663-3678. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-21-0058.1
Spall, M. A., 2021: An idealized modeling study of the mid-latitude variability of the wind-driven meridional overturning circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 2425-2441. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-20-0317.1
Spall, M. A., M. Almansi, J. Huang, T. W. N. Haine, and R. S. Pickart, 2021: Lateral redistribution of heat and salt in the Nordic Seas. Prog. Oceanogr., 196, 102609, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102609
Pacini, A., R. S. Pickart, A. LeBras, F. Straneo, N. P. Holliday, M. A. Spall, 2021: Cyclonic eddies in the West Greenland Boundary Current system. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 2087-2102. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-20-0255.1
Leng*, H., M. A. Spall, R. S. Pickart, P. Lin and X. Bai, 2021: Origin and fate of the Chukchi Slope Current using a numerical model and in-situ data. J. Geophys. Res., 126, e2021JC017291. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017291
Pickart, R. S., M. A. Spall, P. Lin, F. Bahr, L. T. McRaven, K. R. Arrigo, and J. M. Grebmeier 2021: Physical controls on the macrofaunal benthic biomass in Barrow Canyon, Chukchi Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 126, e2020JC017091. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017091.
2020
Spall, M. A., 2020: Potential vorticity dynamics of the Arctic halocline, J. Phys. Oceanogr.50, 2491-2506. DOI:10.1175/JPO-D-20-0056.1
Spall, M. A., and D. Nieves, 2020: Wind-forced variability of the remote Meridional Overturning Circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,50, 455-469. DOI:10.1175/JPO-D-0190.1
Ypma, S. L., M. A. Spall, E. Lambert, S. Georgiou, J. D. PietrzakC. A. Katsman, 2020: The contrasting dynamics of the buoyancy-forced Lofoten and Greenland basins. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 50, 1227–1244, DOI:10.1175/JPO-D-2019-0280.1
Kipp, L. E., M. A. Spall, R. S. Pickart, D. C. Kadko, W. S. Moore, J. S. Dabrowski, M. A. Charette, 2020: Observational andmodeling evidence of seasonal trends in sediment-derived material inputs to the Chukchi Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 125, DOI:10.1029/2019JC016007.
2019
Johnson, H. L., P. Cessi, D. P. Marshall, F. Schloesser, M. A. Spall, 2019: Recent contributions of theory to our understanding of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 124, 5376-5399. DOI:10.1029/2019JC015330
Renfrew, I. A., and co-authors, 2019: The Iceland Greenland Sea Project. BAMS, 1795-1817, DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0217.1
Spall, M. A., 2019: Dynamics and thermodynamics of the mean Transpolar Drift and ice thickness in the Arctic Ocean. J. Climate, 32, 8449-8463. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0252.1
Huang, J., R. S. Pickart, H. Valdimarsson, P. Lin, M. A. Spall, F. Xu, 2019: Structure and variability of the North Icelandic Jet from two years of mooring data. J. Geophys. Res., 124, DOI:10.1029/2019JC015134
Spall, M. A., R. S. Pickart, P. Lin, W.-J. von Appen, D. Mastropole, H. Valdimarsson, T. W. N. Haine, M. Almansi, 2019: Frontogenesis and variability in Denmark Strait and its influence on overflow water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 1889-1904. DOI:10.1175/JPO-D-19-0053.1
Li, M., R. S. Pickart, M. A. Spall, T. J. Weingartner, P. Lin, G. W. K. Moore, Y. Qi, 2019: Circulation of the Chukchi Sea shelfbreak and slope from moored timeseries. Prog. Oceanogr., 172, 14-33. doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.002
2018
Bringedal, C., T. Eldevik, O. Skagseth, M. A. Spall, S. Osterhus, 2018: Structure and forcing of observed exchanges across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. J. Climate, 31, 9881-9901. DOI:10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0889.1
Lambert, E., T. Eldevik, M. A. Spall, 2018: On the dynamics and water mass transformation of a boundary current connecting alpha and beta oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,48, 2457-2475. DOI:10.1175/JPO-D-17-0186.1
Spall, M. A., R. S. Pickart, M. Li, M. Itoh, P. Lin, T. Kikuchi, and Y. Qi, 2018: Transport of Pacific Water into the Canada Basin and the formation of the Chukchi Slope Current. J. Geophys. Res., 123, 7453-7471. DOI:10.1029/2018/JC013825.
Waldman, R., N. Bruggemann, A. Bosse, M. A. Spall, S. Somot, F. Sevault, 2018: Overturning the Mediterranean thermohaline circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078502
Nieves, D. and M. A. Spall, 2018: Propagation of North Atlantic Deep Water anomalies J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 1831-1848. DOI:10.1175/JPO-D-18-0068.
Jensen, M. F., K. H. Nisancioglu, M. A. Spall, 2018: Large Changes in Sea Ice Triggered by Small Changes in Atlantic Water Temperature, J. Climate, 31,4847-4863. DOI:10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0802.1
Katsman, C. A., S. S. Drijfhout, H. A. Dijkstra, M. A. Spall,, 2018: Sinking of dense North Atlantic waters in a global ocean model: Locations and controls J. Geophys. Res., 123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013329
Spall, M. A., J. Pedlosky, 2018: Shelf-Open Ocean exchange forced by wind jets. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 163-174, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-17-0161.1.
Vage, K., L. Papritz, L. Havik, M. S. Spall, G. W. K. Moore, 2018: Ocean Convection linked to the recent ice edge retreat along east Greenland. Nature Geo., 9, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03468-6.
2017
Spall, M. A., R. H. Jackson, F. Straneo, 2017: Katabatic wind-driven exchange in fjords. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 122, 8246-8262, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013026.
Liang, X., M. A. Spall, C. Wunsch, 2017: Global ocean vertical velocities from a dynamically consistent ocean state estimate. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 122,8202-8224, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012985
Pickart, R. S., M. A. Spall, D. J. Torres, K. Våge, H. Valdimarsson, C. Nobre, G. W. K. Moore, S. Jonsson, and D. Mastropole, 2017: The North Icelandic Jet and its relationship to the North Icelandic Irminger Current. J. Mar. Res., 75,605-639.
Spall, M. A., J. Pedlosky, C. Cenedese, 2017: Circulation Induced by Isolated Dense Water Formation over Closed Topographic Contours. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 47, 2251-2265.
Manucharyan, G. E., A. F. Thompson, M. A. Spall, 2017: Eddy-Memory Mode of Multidecadal Variability in Residual-Mean Ocean Circulations with Application to the Beaufort Gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 47, 855-866.
2016
Spall, M. A., 2016: Wind-driven flow over topography. J. Mar. Res., 74, 229-248.
Spall, M. A., and N. Schneider, 2016: Coupled ocean-atmosphere offshore decay scale of cold SST signals along upwelling eastern boundaries. J. Climate., 29, 8317-8331.
Spall, M. A., and L. N. Thomas, 2016: Downfront winds over buoyant coastal plumes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 3139-3154.
Manucharyan, M. A. Spall, and A. F. Thompson, 2016: A theory of the wind-driven Beaufort Gyre variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 3263-3278.
2015
Manucharyan, G and M. A. Spall, 2015: Wind-driven freshwater buildup and release in the Beaufort Gyre constrained by mesoscale eddies. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, doi:10.1002/2015GL065957.
Pisareva, M. N., R. S. Pickart, M. A. Spall, C. Nobre, D. J. Torres, G. W. K. Moore, and T. E. Witledge, 2015: Flow of Pacific Water in the western Chukchi Sea: Results from the 2009 RUSALCA Expedition. Deep Sea Res. I., 105, 53-73.
Spall, M. A., 2015: Thermally forced transients in the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 2820-2835.
Pedlosky, J., and M. A. Spall, 2015: The interaction of an eastward flowing current and an island: Sub- and supercritical flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 2806-2819.
Yasuda, Y, and M. A. Spall, 2015: Influences of time-dependent precipitation on water mass transformation, heat fluxes, and deep convection in marginal seas. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 1822-1842.
2014
Spall, M. A., 2014: Some influences of remote topography on western boundary currents. J. Mar. Res., 72, 73-94.
Spall, M. A., R. S. Pickart, E. T. Brugler, G. W. K. Moore, L. Thomas. K. R. Arrigo, 2014: Role of shelfbreak upwelling in the formation of a massive under-ice bloom in the Chukchi Sea. Deep Sea Res. II, 105, 17-29.
2013
Spall, M. A., 2013: On the circulation of Atlantic Water in the Arctic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 2352-2371.
Vage K. J., R. S. Pickart, M. A. Spall, G.W.K. Moore, H. Valdimarsson, D. J. Torres, S. Y. Erofeev, J. E. Ø. Nilsen, 2013: Revised circulation scheme north of the Denmark Strait. Deep Sea Res., 79, 20-39.
Spall, M. A., 2013: Dense water formation around islands. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 118, 2507-2519.
Wang, J., M. A. Spall, G. R. Flierl, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, 2013: Nonlinear radiating instability of a barotropic eastern boundary current. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,, 43,1439-1452.
Spall, M. A., and J. Pedlosky, 2013: Interaction of Ekman layers and islands. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 1028-1041.
Pickart, R. S., M. A. Spall, J. T. Mathis, 2013: Dynamics of upwelling in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea and associated shelf-basin fluxes. Deep Sea Res., 76, 35-51.
2012
Wang, M. A. Spall, G. R. Flierl, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, 2012: A new mechanism for the generation of quasi-zonal jets in the ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., doi:10./1029/2012GL051861.
Spall, M. A., 2012: Influences of precipitation on water mass transformation and deep convection. J. Phys. Oceanogr, 42, 1684-1700.
2011
Pedlosky, J., R. Iacono, E. Napolitano, M. A. Spall, 2011: The two-layer skirted island. J. Mar. Res,69, 347-382.
Vage, K., R. S. Pickart, M. A. Spall, H. Valdimarsson, S. Jonsson, D. J. Torres, S. Osterhus, T. Eldevik, 2011: Significant role of the North Icelandic Jet in the formation of Denmark Strait overflow water. Nature Geosci., doi:10.1038/NGEO1234.
Spall, M. A., 2011: On the role of eddies and surface forcing in the heat transport and overturning circulation in marginals seas. J. Climate, 24, 4844-4858.
Pickart, R. S., M. A. Spall, G. W. K. Moore, T. J. Weingartner, R. A. Woodgate, K. Aagaard, K. Shimada, 2011: Upwelling in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Atmospheric forcing and local versus non-local response. Prog. Oceanogr., 88, 78-100.
2010
Hristova, H., H. Dijkstra, M. A. Spall, 2010: Onset of time-dependence in a double-gyre circulation: Barotropic basin modes versus classical baroclinic modes. J. Mar. Res., 68,215-236
Spall, M. A., 2010: Dynamics of downwelling in an eddy-resolving convective basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40,2341-2347
Spall, M. A., 2010: Non-local topographic influences on deep convection: An idealized model for the Nordic Seas. Ocean Model., 32, 72-85, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.10.009
2009
Deshayes, J., F. Straneo, M. A. Spall, 2009: Mechanisms of variability in a convective basin. J. Mar. Res., 31, 273-303.
Durland, T. S., J. Pedlosky, M. A. Spall, 2009: Response to a steady poleward outflow, part I: The linear quasigeostrophic problem. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 1541-1550.
Durland, T. S., M. A. Spall, J. Pedlosky, 2009: Response to a steady poleward outflow, part II: Oscillations and eddies J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39,1551-1573.
2008
Spall, M. A., 2008: Buoyancy-forced downwelling in boundary currents. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2704-2721.
Spall, M. A., 2008: Low-frequency interaction between horizontal and overturning gyres in the ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L18614, doi:10.1029/2008GL035206.
Iovino, D, F. Straneo, M. A. Spall, 2008: On the effect of a sill on dense water formation in a marginal sea. J. Mar. Res., 66, 325-345.
Pratt, L. J., and M. A. Spall, 2008: Circulation and exchange in choked marginal seas. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2639-2661
Hristova, H, J. Pedlosky, and M. A. Spall, 2008: Radiating instability of a meridional boundary current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2294-2307
Spall, M. A., R. S. Pickart, P. S. Fratantoni, A. J. Plueddemann, 2008: Western Arctic shelfbreak eddies: formation and transport. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1644-1668
Spall, M. A., R. S. J. Pedlosky, 2008: Lateral coupling in baroclinically unstable flows. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1267-1277.
Small, R. J., S. P. deSzoeke, S. P. Xie, L. O'Neil, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, S. Minobe, 2008: Air-sea interaction over ocean fronts and eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Ocean, 43, 274-319.
2007
Spall, M. A. 2007. Circulation and water mass transformation in a model of the Chukchi Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 112, C05025,doi:10.1029/2005JC002264
Spall, M. A. , 2007. Midlatitude wind stress--sea surface temperature coupling in the vicinity of oceanic fronts. J. Climate , 20, 3785-3801.
Spall, M. A., 2007. Effect of sea surface temperature--wind stress coupling on baroclinic instability in the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 37, 1092-1097.
Pickart, R. S. and M. A. Spall, 2007. Impact of Labrador Sea convection on the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 37, 2207-2227.
2006
No publications
2005
Pedlosky, J. and M. A. Spall, 2005. Boundary intensification of vertical velocity in a beta-plane basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 35, 2487-2500.
Spall, M. A., 2005. Buoyancy-forced circulations in shallow marginal seas. J. Mar. Res. 63, 729-752.
Spall, M. A., J. Pedlosky, 2005. Reflection and Transmission of Equatorial Rossby Waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 35, 363-373.
2004
Spall, M. A., 2004. Boundary currents and water mass transformation in marginal seas. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1197-1213
Katsman, C. A., M. A. Spall, R. S. Pickart, 2004. Boundary current eddies and their role in the restratification of the Labrador Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34, 1967-1983 .
2003
Weller, R. A., P. W. Furey, M. A. Spall, and R. E. Davis, 2003. The large-scale context for oceanic subduction in the Northeast Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 51, 665-69.
Spall, Michael A., 2003. Islands in zonal flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2689-2701.
Pickart, R. S., M. A. Spall, M. H. Ribergaard, G. W. K. Moore, and R. F. Milliff, 2003. Deep convection in the Irminger Sea forced by the Greenland tip jet. Nature, 424,152-156.
Pratt, L. J., and M. A. Spall, 2003. A porous-medium theory for barotropic flow through ridges and archipelagos. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2702-2718.
Spall, Michael A., R. S. Pickart, 2003. Wind-driven recirculations and exchange in the Labrador and Irminger Seas. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33,1829-1845.
Spall, Michael A., 2003. On the thermohaline circulation in flat bottom marginal seas. J. Mar. Res,, 61, 1-25.
2002
Spall, Michael A., 2002. Wind- and buoyancy-forced upper ocean circulation in two-strait marginal seas with application to the Japan / East Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C1), 6.1-6.12.
2001
Spall, Michael A., R. S. Pickart, 2001. Where does dense water sink? A subpolar gyre example. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31(3), 810-825.
Spall, Michael, A., 2001. Large-scale circulations forced by localized mixing over sloping bottom, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31(8), 2369-2384.
Blackmon, M., and 25 co-authors, including M. Spall, 2001. The Community climate system model. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82(11), 2357-2376.
2000
Spall, Michael A., 2000. Buoyancy-forced circulations around islands and ridges. J. Mar. Res., 58(6), 957-982.
Spall, Michael, A., Robert Weller and Peter Furey, 2000. Modeling the three-dimensional upper ocean heat budget and subduction rate during the Subduction Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 105(C11), 26,151-26,166.
Spall, Michael A., 2000. Generation of strong mesoscale eddies by weak ocean gyres. J. Mar. Res., 58, 97-116.
Joyce, Terrence M., Clara Deser and Michael A. Spall, 2000. On the relation between decadal variability of Subtropical Mode Water and the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 13(14), 2550-2569.
1999
Pedlosky, Joseph, and Michael Spall. 1999. Rossby normal modes in basins with barriers. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29(9), 2332-2349.
Spall, Michael A., 1999. A simple model of the large scale circulation of Mediterranean water and Labrador Sea water. Deep Sea Res. II, 46, 181-204.
1998
Spall, Michael A., and David C. Chapman, 1998. On the efficiency of baroclinic eddy heat transport across narrow fronts. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28(11), 2275-2287.
Spall, Michael A., and James F. Price, 1998. Mesoscale variability in Denmark Strait: the PV outflow hypothesis. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28(8), 1598-1623.
1997
Pedlosky, Joseph, Lawrence J. Pratt, Michael A. Spall and Karl R. Helfrich, 1997. Circulation around islands and ridges. J. Mar. Res. 55(6), 1199-1251.
Spall, M. A., 1997. Baroclinic jets in confluent flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27(6), 1054-1071.
Visbeck, Martin, John Marshall, Tom Haine and Mike A. Spall, 1997. Specification of eddy transfer coefficients in coarse-resolution ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27(3), 381-402.
Pickart, Robert S., Michael A. Spall and J. R. N. Lazier, 1997. Mid-depth ventilation in the western boundary current system of the subpolar gyre. Deep-Sea Research, 44(6), 1025-1054.
1996
Spall, Michael A., 1996. Dynamics of the Gulf Stream/Deep Western Boundary Current Crossover. Part II: Low-frequency internal oscillations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26(10), 2169-2182.
Spall, Michael A., 1996. Dynamics of the Gulf Stream/Deep Western Boundary Current crossover. Part I: Entrainment and recirculation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26(10), 2152-2168.
1995
Williams, Richard G., Michael A. Spall and John C. Marshall, 1995. Does Stommel's mixed-layer 'demon' work? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25(12), 3089-3102.
Spall, Michael A., 1995. Frontogenesis, subduction, and cross-front exchange at upper ocean fronts. J. Geophys. Res., 100(C2), 2543-2558
1994
Spall, Michael A., 1994. Wave-induced abyssal recirculations. J. Mar. Res., 52, 1051-1080.
Polvani, L. M., J. C. McWilliams, M. A. Spall and R. Ford, 1994. The coherent structures of shallow-water turbulence: Deformation-radius effects, cyclone/anticyclone asymmetry and gravity-wave generation. Chaos, 4(2), 177-186.
Spall, Michael A., 1994. A mechanism for low frequency variability and salt flux in the Mediterranean salt tongue. J. Geophys. Res., 99(C5), 10,121-10,130.
1993
Spall, Michael A., Philip L. Richardson and James Price, 1993. Advection and eddy mixing in the Mediterranean salt tongue. J. Mar. Res., 51(4), 797-818.
Spall, Michael A., 1993. Variability of sea surface salinity in stochastically forced systems. Climate Dyn., 8, 151-160.
1992
Spall, Michael A., and James C. McWilliams, 1992. Rotational and gravitational influences on the degree of balance in the shallow water equations. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 64, 1-29.
Spall, Michael A., 1992. Rossby wave radiation in the Cape Verde Frontal Zone. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22(7), 796-807.
Spall, Michael A., 1992. Cooling spirals and recirculation in the subtropical gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22(5), 564-571.
1991
Spall, Michael A., and William R. Holland, 1991. A nested primitive equation model for oceanic applications. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21(2), 205-220.
Spall, Michael A., 1991. A diagnostic study of the wind and buoyancy driven North Atlantic Circulation. J. Geophys. Res., Oceans, 96(C10), 18,509-18,518.
1990
Spall, Michael A., and Allan R. Robinson, 1990. Regional primitive equation studies of the Gulf Stream meander and ring formation region. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20(7), 985-1016.
Spall, Michael A., 1990. Circulation in the Canary Basin: a model/data analysis J. Geophys. Res., 95(C6), 9611-9628.
1989
Spall, Michael A., and Allan R. Robinson, 1989. A new hybrid coordinate open ocean primitive equation model. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 31, 241-269.
Spall, Michael A., 1989. Regional primitive equation modeling and analysis of the POLYMODE data set. Dyn. Atmospheres and Oceans, 14(1-2), 125-174.
Robinson, Allan R., Michael A. Spall, Leonard J. Walstad and Wayne G. Leslie, 1989. Data assimilation and dynamical interpolation in GULFCAST experiments. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 13, 301-316.
1988
Robinson, Allan R., Michael A. Spall and Nadia Pinardi, 1988. Gulf Stream simulation and the dynamics of ring and meander processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18(12), 1811-1853.